Šok ob hladni vodi in podhladitev: kaj storiti

Nazadnje preverjeno: 14. oktober 2026

Korak za korakom

1. Najprej lebdite, ne plavajte

   Hladna voda povzroči, da hlastate za zrakom in dihate zelo hitro. Uprite se želji, da bi plavali ali mahali okoli sebe. Nagnite glavo nazaj z ušesi pod vodo, razširite roke in noge in lebdite, dokler se dihanje ne umiri.[1][2][3][5]

2. Usta in nos nad vodo

   Reševalni jopič vam drži usta in nos nad vodo, medtem ko umirjate dihanje. Če jopiča nimate, se oprimite česarkoli, kar plava.[6][4]

3. Ko lahko dihate, pokličite pomoč

   Ko je dihanje pod nadzorom, kričite, zapiskajte s piščalko ali pokličite pomoč z radiem, telefonom ali oddajnikom.[3]

4. Naslednjih 10 minut izkoristite, da pridete ven

   Roke, noge in prsti bodo v naslednjih približno desetih minutah oslabeli. Ta čas izkoristite, da splezate nazaj na plovilo ali na karkoli, kar plava, in spravite čim večji del telesa iz vode.[7][12]

5. Plavajte le, če je varnost blizu

   S plavanjem hitreje izgubljate toploto. Plavajte le do drugih ljudi, plovila ali obale, za katere ste prepričani, da jih boste dosegli. Ne plavajte, da bi se ogreli.[8][14]

6. Sami in ne morete ven: položaj HELP

   Mirujte, da ohranite toploto. Roke tesno prekrižajte na prsih in kolena potegnite k njim, z glavo nad vodo.[9][11][14]

7. Z drugimi: stisnite se skupaj

   Stisnite se skupaj s prsmi blizu, z rokami okoli hrbtov drugih in s skupaj stisnjenimi nogami. Tako upočasnite izgubo toplote in skupina ostane skupaj za reševalce.[10][22]

8. Po reševanju: dvignite nežno in položite

   Če lahko, podhlajeno osebo dvignite iz vode leže, ne pokonci. Ravnajte z njo nežno in jo čim prej spravite na toplo, suho in zavetno mesto; telesna temperatura lahko pada še po reševanju.[15][13]

9. Ogrevajte počasi

   Slecite mokra oblačila in osebo zavijte v odejo, spalno vrečo ali suho brisačo, pokrijte tudi glavo. Če je povsem budna, ji dajte topel brezalkoholni napitek in nekaj sladkega za pojesti.[17][19]

10. Poiščite zdravniško pomoč

    Podhladitev je nujno medicinsko stanje, ki zahteva bolnišnično zdravljenje. Pokličite lokalno številko za reševanje ali za nujne primere.[20]

Ne

• V prvi minuti ne poskušajte močno plavati. Najprej naj šok ob hladni vodi mine.[1]
• Ne plavajte samo zato, da bi se ogreli. To pospeši izgubo toplote.[8][14]
• Podhlajene osebe ne dajajte v vročo kopel in ji ne drgnite rok, nog, dlani ali stopal.[18][21]
• Osebi, ki ji je mraz, ne dajajte alkohola.[23]
• Podhlajene osebe ne dvigujte pokonci, če jo lahko dvignete leže.[15]

Pred izplutjem

• Pred izplutjem: nosite reševalni jopič ali plovni pripomoček. Močno poveča možnost, da preživite začetni šok.[6][24]
• Pred izplutjem: oblecite se glede na temperaturo vode, ne zraka.[25]
• Pred izplutjem: vsako vodo pod 15 °C obravnavajte kot hladno. Marsikje to velja za velik del leta.[26]
• Pred izplutjem: imejte pri sebi sredstvo za klic na pomoč, na primer VHF radio, PLB ali EPIRB.[27]
• Pred izplutjem: vadite lebdenje na nadzorovanem mestu, na primer v bazenu.[28]

Pogosta vprašanja

Viri

Viri so navedeni v izvirnem jeziku.

1. RNLI (2026-10-14): “Take a minute. The initial effects of cold water pass in less than a minute so don’t try to swim straight away.”
2. RNLI (Float to Live) (2026-10-14): “The best way to float is to tilt your head back with your ears submerged.”
3. RNLI (Float to Live) (2026-10-14): “Try to relax and breathe normally. You can gently move your hands and legs to help you stay afloat if you need to. Spread your arms and legs out to improve stability – and it's OK if your legs sink, we all float differently. Once your breathing is under control, call for help or swim to safety.”
4. US National Weather Service (NOAA) (2026-10-14): “If possible, utilize any floating objects to get out of the water.”
5. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E) (2026-10-14): “During cold shock, a person will take a sudden, deep gasp of air, then start to hyperventilate. This can be 600-1000% faster than normal breathing and it’s the body’s automatic response. This lasts about one minute.”
6. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E) (2026-10-14): “Wearing your lifejacket during this stage will keep you afloat, with your mouth and nose out of the water, so you can focus on your breathing.”
7. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E) (2026-10-14): “For the next 10 minutes or so, you will lose meaningful movement in your arms, legs and fingers. Focus on self-rescue. If that isn’t possible, find a way to keep your airway out of the water and wait for rescue.”
8. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E) (2026-10-14): “Only swim if you can join others or reach safety. Don’t swim to keep warm.”
9. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E) (2026-10-14): “Cross your arms tightly against your chest and draw your knees up close to them to help you keep your body heat.”
10. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E) (2026-10-14): “Huddle with others with your chests close together, arms around your mid to lower backs, and legs woven together. This also helps keep your group together until help arrives.”
11. US National Weather Service (NOAA) (2026-10-14): “If you cannot get to safety, assume the Heat Escape Lessening Position (H.E.L.P.) position. This protects the critical body areas and slows down the loss of heat.”
12. US National Weather Service (NOAA) (2026-10-14): “Keep as much of your body out of the water as possible.”
13. US National Weather Service (NOAA) (2026-10-14): “After escaping from cold water, get into a warm, dry, protected environment as quickly as possible. Even removed from cold water, a victim’s core temperature can continue to drop to dangerous levels.”
14. IMO – Guide for Cold Water Survival (MSC.1/Circ.1185/Rev.1) (2026-10-14): “Do not attempt to swim unless it is to reach a fellow survivor or a nearby shore, craft, or other floating object onto which you can hold or climb. Staying calm and still conserves heat.”
15. IMO – Guide for Cold Water Survival (MSC.1/Circ.1185/Rev.1) (2026-10-14): “Ideally, the survivor should be recovered in a horizontal or near-horizontal body position. Lifting a hypothermic person vertically can induce cardiac arrest.”
16. IMO – Guide for Cold Water Survival (MSC.1/Circ.1185/Rev.1) (2026-10-14): “It is important to remember that they will last only about three minutes and will then ease.”
17. NHS (2026-10-14): “remove any wet clothing, wrap them in a blanket, sleeping bag or dry towel, making sure their head is covered”
18. NHS (2026-10-14): “do not use a hot bath, hot water bottle or heat lamp to warm them up”
19. NHS (2026-10-14): “give them a warm non-alcoholic drink and some sugary food like chocolate if they're fully awake”
20. NHS (2026-10-14): “Hypothermia is a dangerous drop in body temperature below 35C (normal body temperature is around 37C). It's a medical emergency that needs to be treated in hospital.”
21. NHS (2026-10-14): “do not rub their arms, legs, feet or hands”
22. NSW Government (Transport for NSW) (2026-10-14): “If you're in the water with others, huddling is the best method of reducing the risk of hypothermia. Huddle close together to protect your chests and arms. This can reduce the rate at which your bodies lose heat and can increase survival time by up to 50%.”
23. NHS (2026-10-14): “do not give them alcohol to drink”
24. RNLI (2026-10-14): “It greatly increases your chances of making it through the initial shock.”
25. US National Weather Service (NOAA) (2026-10-14): “Always dress for water temperature, not for air temperature.”
26. RNLI (2026-10-14): “Anything below 15°C is defined as cold water and can seriously affect your breathing and movement, so the risk is significant most of the year.”
27. US National Weather Service (NOAA) (2026-10-14): “Carry an Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB), personal locator beacon (PLB) or VHF Radio.”
28. RNLI (Float to Live) (2026-10-14): “Practise floating in a supervised location like a swimming pool.”
29. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E) (2026-10-14): “The 1-10-1 Principle is a simple way to remember the stages of cold-water immersion and how long each one lasts.”
30. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E) (2026-10-14): “It can take an hour to go unconscious from hypothermia, even in ice water.”
31. US National Weather Service (NOAA) (2026-10-14): “Gasping for Breath & Rapid Breathing (occurs during the first 2-3 minutes or more)”
32. US National Weather Service (NOAA), citing the Red Cross (2026-10-14): “Hot water bottles and chemical hot packs may be used. Wrap the person in a towel or blanket before applying.”
33. US National Weather Service (NOAA) (2026-10-14): “Gasping for a breath or rapid breathing from sudden immersion can be triggered by water as warm as 77°F (25°C).”

Več vodnikov za nujne primere

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