Šok od hladne vode i hipotermija: što učiniti

Posljednja provjera: 14. listopada 2026.

Korak po korak

1. Najprije plutajte, ne plivajte

   Hladna voda tjera vas da hvatate zrak i dišete vrlo brzo. Oduprite se porivu da plivate ili se mlatarate. Zabacite glavu unatrag s ušima pod vodom, raširite ruke i noge i plutajte dok se disanje ne smiri.[1][2][3][5]

2. Držite usta i nos iznad vode

   Prsluk za spašavanje drži vam usta i nos iznad vode dok smirujete disanje. Ako nemate prsluk, uhvatite se za bilo što što pluta.[6][4]

3. Pozovite pomoć čim možete disati

   Kad je disanje pod kontrolom, vičite, zviždite zviždaljkom ili pozovite pomoć radiom, telefonom ili odašiljačem.[3]

4. Iskoristite sljedećih 10 minuta da izađete

   Ruke, noge i prsti oslabit će otprilike tijekom sljedećih deset minuta. Iskoristite to vrijeme da se popnete natrag na plovilo ili na bilo što što pluta i izvucite što veći dio tijela iz vode.[7][12]

5. Plivajte samo ako je sigurnost blizu

   Plivanjem brže gubite toplinu. Plivajte samo do drugih ljudi, plovila ili obale za koje ste sigurni da ćete ih dosegnuti. Ne plivajte da biste se ugrijali.[8][14]

6. Sami ste i ne možete izaći: položaj HELP

   Mirujte da sačuvate toplinu. Čvrsto prekrižite ruke na prsima i privucite koljena prema njima, s glavom iznad vode.[9][11][14]

7. S drugima: skupite se

   Skupite se jedni uz druge, prsima blizu, s rukama oko leđa drugih i spojenim nogama. To usporava gubitak topline i drži skupinu na okupu za spasioce.[10][22]

8. Nakon spašavanja: podignite nježno i polegnite

   Ako možete, pothlađenu osobu izvucite iz vode u ležećem, a ne uspravnom položaju. Postupajte nježno i što prije je prenesite na toplo, suho i zaklonjeno mjesto; tjelesna temperatura može nastaviti padati i nakon spašavanja.[15][13]

9. Grijte polako

   Skinite mokru odjeću i umotajte osobu u deku, vreću za spavanje ili suhi ručnik, pokrivajući i glavu. Ako je posve budna, dajte joj toplo bezalkoholno piće i nešto slatko za jelo.[17][19]

10. Potražite liječničku pomoć

    Hipotermija je hitno medicinsko stanje koje zahtijeva bolničko liječenje. Nazovite lokalni broj za spašavanje ili hitne službe.[20]

Nemojte

• Ne pokušavajte snažno plivati u prvoj minuti. Najprije pustite da hladni šok prođe.[1]
• Ne plivajte samo da biste se ugrijali. To ubrzava gubitak topline.[8][14]
• Ne stavljajte pothlađenu osobu u vruću kupku i ne trljajte joj ruke, noge, šake ni stopala.[18][21]
• Ne dajite alkohol osobi kojoj je hladno.[23]
• Ne podižite pothlađenu osobu uspravno ako je možete podići u ležećem položaju.[15]

Prije isplovljavanja

• Prije isplovljavanja: nosite prsluk za spašavanje ili pomagalo za plutanje. Znatno povećava izglede da preživite početni šok.[6][24]
• Prije isplovljavanja: odjenite se prema temperaturi vode, a ne zraka.[25]
• Prije isplovljavanja: svaku vodu ispod 15 °C smatrajte hladnom. Na mnogim mjestima to obuhvaća velik dio godine.[26]
• Prije isplovljavanja: nosite na sebi sredstvo za pozivanje pomoći, poput VHF radija, PLB-a ili EPIRB-a.[27]
• Prije isplovljavanja: uvježbajte plutanje na nadziranom mjestu, primjerice u bazenu.[28]

Česta pitanja

Izvori

Izvori su citirani na izvornom jeziku.

1. RNLI (2026-10-14): “Take a minute. The initial effects of cold water pass in less than a minute so don’t try to swim straight away.”
2. RNLI (Float to Live) (2026-10-14): “The best way to float is to tilt your head back with your ears submerged.”
3. RNLI (Float to Live) (2026-10-14): “Try to relax and breathe normally. You can gently move your hands and legs to help you stay afloat if you need to. Spread your arms and legs out to improve stability – and it's OK if your legs sink, we all float differently. Once your breathing is under control, call for help or swim to safety.”
4. US National Weather Service (NOAA) (2026-10-14): “If possible, utilize any floating objects to get out of the water.”
5. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E) (2026-10-14): “During cold shock, a person will take a sudden, deep gasp of air, then start to hyperventilate. This can be 600-1000% faster than normal breathing and it’s the body’s automatic response. This lasts about one minute.”
6. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E) (2026-10-14): “Wearing your lifejacket during this stage will keep you afloat, with your mouth and nose out of the water, so you can focus on your breathing.”
7. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E) (2026-10-14): “For the next 10 minutes or so, you will lose meaningful movement in your arms, legs and fingers. Focus on self-rescue. If that isn’t possible, find a way to keep your airway out of the water and wait for rescue.”
8. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E) (2026-10-14): “Only swim if you can join others or reach safety. Don’t swim to keep warm.”
9. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E) (2026-10-14): “Cross your arms tightly against your chest and draw your knees up close to them to help you keep your body heat.”
10. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E) (2026-10-14): “Huddle with others with your chests close together, arms around your mid to lower backs, and legs woven together. This also helps keep your group together until help arrives.”
11. US National Weather Service (NOAA) (2026-10-14): “If you cannot get to safety, assume the Heat Escape Lessening Position (H.E.L.P.) position. This protects the critical body areas and slows down the loss of heat.”
12. US National Weather Service (NOAA) (2026-10-14): “Keep as much of your body out of the water as possible.”
13. US National Weather Service (NOAA) (2026-10-14): “After escaping from cold water, get into a warm, dry, protected environment as quickly as possible. Even removed from cold water, a victim’s core temperature can continue to drop to dangerous levels.”
14. IMO – Guide for Cold Water Survival (MSC.1/Circ.1185/Rev.1) (2026-10-14): “Do not attempt to swim unless it is to reach a fellow survivor or a nearby shore, craft, or other floating object onto which you can hold or climb. Staying calm and still conserves heat.”
15. IMO – Guide for Cold Water Survival (MSC.1/Circ.1185/Rev.1) (2026-10-14): “Ideally, the survivor should be recovered in a horizontal or near-horizontal body position. Lifting a hypothermic person vertically can induce cardiac arrest.”
16. IMO – Guide for Cold Water Survival (MSC.1/Circ.1185/Rev.1) (2026-10-14): “It is important to remember that they will last only about three minutes and will then ease.”
17. NHS (2026-10-14): “remove any wet clothing, wrap them in a blanket, sleeping bag or dry towel, making sure their head is covered”
18. NHS (2026-10-14): “do not use a hot bath, hot water bottle or heat lamp to warm them up”
19. NHS (2026-10-14): “give them a warm non-alcoholic drink and some sugary food like chocolate if they're fully awake”
20. NHS (2026-10-14): “Hypothermia is a dangerous drop in body temperature below 35C (normal body temperature is around 37C). It's a medical emergency that needs to be treated in hospital.”
21. NHS (2026-10-14): “do not rub their arms, legs, feet or hands”
22. NSW Government (Transport for NSW) (2026-10-14): “If you're in the water with others, huddling is the best method of reducing the risk of hypothermia. Huddle close together to protect your chests and arms. This can reduce the rate at which your bodies lose heat and can increase survival time by up to 50%.”
23. NHS (2026-10-14): “do not give them alcohol to drink”
24. RNLI (2026-10-14): “It greatly increases your chances of making it through the initial shock.”
25. US National Weather Service (NOAA) (2026-10-14): “Always dress for water temperature, not for air temperature.”
26. RNLI (2026-10-14): “Anything below 15°C is defined as cold water and can seriously affect your breathing and movement, so the risk is significant most of the year.”
27. US National Weather Service (NOAA) (2026-10-14): “Carry an Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB), personal locator beacon (PLB) or VHF Radio.”
28. RNLI (Float to Live) (2026-10-14): “Practise floating in a supervised location like a swimming pool.”
29. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E) (2026-10-14): “The 1-10-1 Principle is a simple way to remember the stages of cold-water immersion and how long each one lasts.”
30. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E) (2026-10-14): “It can take an hour to go unconscious from hypothermia, even in ice water.”
31. US National Weather Service (NOAA) (2026-10-14): “Gasping for Breath & Rapid Breathing (occurs during the first 2-3 minutes or more)”
32. US National Weather Service (NOAA), citing the Red Cross (2026-10-14): “Hot water bottles and chemical hot packs may be used. Wrap the person in a towel or blanket before applying.”
33. US National Weather Service (NOAA) (2026-10-14): “Gasping for a breath or rapid breathing from sudden immersion can be triggered by water as warm as 77°F (25°C).”

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