Повреда на двигателя: какво да правите, когато загубите задвижване

Последна проверка: 14 октомври 2026 г.

Стъпка по стъпка

1. Жилетки, после оценка

   Облечете всички в спасителни жилетки. После вижте накъде ви носят вятърът и течението и колко близо са брегът, скалите или корабите.[1][2][3]

2. Хвърлете котва

   Ако не можете да запалите отново двигателя и водата е достатъчно плитка, хвърлете котва от носа, за да задържите позицията си. Като правило пуснете въже с дължина от пет до седем пъти дълбочината на водата.[4][5][6]

3. Проверете дали котвата държи

   Наблюдавайте неподвижни ориентири на брега или позицията си по GPS. При силен вятър или течение котвата може да се влачи и лодката да дрейфува или да заседне.[7][8]

4. Твърде дълбоко или твърде бурно? Плаваща котва

   Ако не можете да закотвите, пуснете от носа плаваща котва, за да държи лодката с носа към вълните. В спешен случай може да свърши работа и кофа.[9]

5. Повикайте рано с PAN-PAN

   Ако засега сте в безопасност, подайте PAN-PAN на УКВ канал 16. Ранното съобщение дава време на спасителите и може да е решаващо за добрия изход.[4][10][11][12]

6. Преминете към MAYDAY, ако опасността стане сериозна

   Ако лодката всеки момент ще бъде изхвърлена на скалите или залята, или нечий живот е в опасност, натиснете бутона за бедствие DSC и подайте MAYDAY на канал 16.[13][14][15][16]

7. Проверете простите причини

   Ако е безопасно, проверете основните неща, например горивото. Свършването на горивото е една от най-честите причини собствениците на лодки да търсят помощ.[17][18]

8. Направете се видими

   Ако ви трябва помощ и нямате радиостанция, използвайте сигнали за бедствие: многократно вдигайте и спускайте изпънатите си встрани ръце, подавайте непрекъснат звуков сигнал или изстрелвайте сигнални ракети, когато някой би могъл да ги види.[19][20][21]

9. Продължете да слушате

   Дръжте радиостанцията на канал 16, изчакайте отговор и следвайте указанията на спасителите.[22][23]

Какво да не правите

• Не хвърляйте котва от кърмата. Това може да залее лодката.[24]
• Не чакайте да попаднете сред разбиващите се вълни, за да повикате. Съобщете рано за развиващ се проблем с PAN-PAN.[11]
• Не изстрелвайте сигнални ракети, когато никой не може да ги види. Пазете ги за момент, когато има шанс да бъдат забелязани.[21]
• Не използвайте канал 16 за разговори или радиопроверки. Той е за бедствие, спешност и повиквания.[25][26]

Преди да отплавате

• Преди да отплавате: проверете двигателя, нивата на течностите, горивото и трюма и прилагайте правилото на третините за горивото (отиване, връщане, резерв).[27][28]
• Носете котва с достатъчно въже за дълбочините, в които плавате. На малка лодка греблата са алтернативен начин за придвижване.[5][29]
• Кажете на някого на брега къде отивате и кога ще се върнете.[30]
• Носете УКВ радиостанция, по възможност с DSC, и знайте как се подават PAN-PAN и MAYDAY.[31][32]

Често задавани въпроси

Източници

Източниците са цитирани на оригиналния си език.

1. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E, 03/2026) (2026-10-14): “have everyone onboard put on their lifejacket”
2. U.S. Coast Guard Boating Safety – A Boater’s Guide to the Federal Requirements for Recreational Boats (2026-10-14): “Make sure everyone on board is wearing their life jacket.”
3. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E, 03/2026) (2026-10-14): “assess the situation”
4. Department of Transport, Western Australia (2026-10-14): “If you are unable to restart your vessel’s motor: Drop anchor to hold your position. Use your marine radio to make a Pan Pan call.”
5. Transport Canada – Small Commercial Vessel Safety Guide (TP 14070) (2026-10-14): “Your vessel must have a way to control drifting in case you lose your engine. This can be an anchor with a length of rope, chain or cable, or any combination of these, that suits the size of the vessel.”
6. U.S. Coast Guard Boating Safety – A Boater’s Guide to the Federal Requirements for Recreational Boats (2026-10-14): “The general rule is five to seven times as much line as the depth of water plus the distance from the surface of the water to where the anchor will attach to the bow.”
7. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E, 03/2026) (2026-10-14): “It’s important to have the right anchor and cable for your boat. If you don’t, strong winds and water can cause the anchor to drag and let your boat drift or run aground.”
8. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E, 03/2026) (2026-10-14): “Make sure your boat is well anchored and watch for signs of anchor dragging.”
9. U.S. Coast Guard Boating Safety – A Boater’s Guide to the Federal Requirements for Recreational Boats (2026-10-14): “If the engine fails, trail a sea anchor from the bow of the boat to keep it headed into the waves (a bucket can work as a sea anchor in an emergency).”
10. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E, 03/2026) (2026-10-14): “Lost power, are safe but drifting towards an active shipping lane”
11. Transport Canada – Small Commercial Vessel Safety Guide (TP 14070) (2026-10-14): “It is strongly recommended you report any situation that may present a danger to life, without delay. Early notification can be crucial to a positive outcome. You can use the PAN PAN radio signal for this purpose.”
12. Maritime and Coastguard Agency (HM Coastguard) (2026-10-14): “If you are concerned about the safety of a person or vessel, you can send an urgency announcement using a DSC All Ships Urgency Call, nominating a working channel. Tune to Channel 16 to make the urgency call:”
13. Maritime and Coastguard Agency (HM Coastguard) (2026-10-14): “Only to be used in the event of grave and imminent danger and assistance is required. Send a distress alert using digital selective calling (DSC), (press and hold the button until the alert is sent).”
14. Maritime and Coastguard Agency (HM Coastguard) (2026-10-14): “On receipt of a DSC acknowledgement or after about 15 seconds, transmit the distress call and message on Channel 16:”
15. Transport Canada – Small Commercial Vessel Safety Guide (TP 14070) (2026-10-14): “MAYDAY indicates a person or vessel is threatened by grave and imminent danger and requests immediate help. PAN PAN indicates a safety problem that does not require immediate assistance.”
16. Coastguard New Zealand (2026-10-14): “If your boat is sinking, someone is injured or life is in danger, immediately call VHF Channel 16 (the international maritime distress channel)”
17. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E, 03/2026) (2026-10-14): “Motor problems, like running out of fuel, often lead to distress calls from boaters.”
18. RNLI (2026-10-14): “Check the gauges and fuel levels regularly.”
19. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E, 03/2026) (2026-10-14): “Keep raising and lowering outstretched arms.”
20. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E, 03/2026) (2026-10-14): “Make continuous sound with any fog-signalling device.”
21. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E, 03/2026) (2026-10-14): “Only use flares in an emergency when you believe there’s a chance it will be seen.”
22. RNLI (2026-10-14): “Monitor VHF channel 16 and local channels/the harbour master channel.”
23. RNLI (2026-10-14): “Release the PTT button and await a response.”
24. U.S. Coast Guard Boating Safety – A Boater’s Guide to the Federal Requirements for Recreational Boats (2026-10-14): “Warning: Do not anchor from the stern as this could swamp the boat.”
25. U.S. Coast Guard Boating Safety – A Boater’s Guide to the Federal Requirements for Recreational Boats (2026-10-14): “Channel 16 is the primary VHF-FM marine radio calling and distress channel. It should not be used for general conversation or radio checks.”
26. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E, 03/2026) (2026-10-14): “VHF radio channel 16 is only used for emergency and calling purposes.”
27. RNLI (2026-10-14): “Check your engine, fluid levels and bilge.”
28. U.S. Coast Guard Boating Safety – A Boater’s Guide to the Federal Requirements for Recreational Boats (2026-10-14): “Practice the “One-Third Rule” by using: One-third of the fuel to go out. One-third to get back. One-third held in reserve.”
29. Transport Canada – Small Commercial Vessel Safety Guide (TP 14070) (2026-10-14): “If your vessel is not more than 9 metres long, you may carry a paddle or two oars and rowlocks or any other device that can be used to propel the vessel manually instead of the anchor.”
30. RNLI (2026-10-14): “Plan your passage, and tell someone ashore where you're going and how long you'll be gone.”
31. RNLI (2026-10-14): “Have a means of calling for help, like a handheld VHF or mobile phone in a waterproof pouch.”
32. Transport Canada – Safe Boating Guide (TP 511E, 03/2026) (2026-10-14): “If your VHF radio has Digital Selective Calling (DSC) on channel 70, press the button to send a digital distress call.”
33. U.S. Coast Guard Boating Safety – A Boater’s Guide to the Federal Requirements for Recreational Boats (2026-10-14): “If a boater contacts the U.S. Coast Guard on Channel 16 VHF-FM or Digital Select Calling Channel 70 and the situation is determined to be non-distress, the Coast Guard will offer to contact any assistance provider (commercial or friend) the boater requests.”
34. Coastguard New Zealand (2026-10-14): “For non-urgent assistance such as an electrical problem or mechanical issue, call our Operations Centre”

Още ръководства за спешни случаи

Спасителни номера по държави → Как се подава сигнал MAYDAY → Карта за спешни случаи за печат →